Russian Political Warfare Middle Eastern history friendship and the fragility of

friendship and the fragility of time

and improved reporting guidelines

and redemptive ways

Lee Manuel

Russian Political Warfare Middle Eastern history friendship and the fragility ofThis collection of essays explores malign Russian influence operations that aimed to advance Moscow's strategic and tactical objectives in European countries as well as particular African states. These operations were conducted in the framework of Russia's anti Western political warfare and involved attempts to exploit divisive social issues, sow confusion and fear, encourage dissention and polarisation, undermine democratic institutions, and corrupt